This is an inspiration; we can step back and think more freely. Instead of containment or detente, political scientists are discussing grand pictures: the end of … Expand. The autonomous power of the state: its origins, mechanisms and results.
The argument is couched … Expand. Political geography in the time of cyberspaces: New agendas? Abstract This review paper aims to offer a contribution to debates over theory and subject for political geography.
Following a brief review of histories of political geography, the main though not … Expand. Globalization and territorial identities. Focuses on the transformation of the territorial organization of society in the context of the emerging global civilization and examines the cross-level dynamics, thus responding to the question - … Expand.
Beyond containers: internationality, interstateness, interterritoriality. In learning their European history, generations of pupils have been taught that the three main features to remember about the Holy Roman Empire were that it was never very holy, not really Roman and … Expand. View 2 excerpts, references background. The significance of territory. The elusive nature of the concept of territory is broken down here, and the term's significance reassessed.
In his analysis of Western concepts and history, Gottmann closely examines the concept of … Expand. World Cities in a World System.
This collection of 17 original studies is concerned with both theoretical and practical aspects of the growing importance of the major international cities in the global economy. The studies "examine … Expand. As with the cultural example, intranational geographic isolation makes for a more suspicious peoples who are unwilling to centralise power. However, there is also the issue of geographic factors on the international scale.
The prevalence of domesticable livestock, arable land, and plants that are able to be harvested make critical differences in the productivity of a people. For example, the lack of horse, cattle, sheep, wheat, and barley in your country, no matter how altruistic and centralised your political systems are, will leave you at a disadvantage compared to a nation that has access to these resources.
Higher productivity leads to more time dedicated to other pursuits inventing, writing, thinking, creating permanent settlements. The importance of the absence of these resources is unduly discounted in the book. Finally comes what can be deduced from the discussion, even if unintended. The authors have attempted to explain historically why nations have failed. In their thesis they rightly dismiss the factors of culture and ignorance, and discount the importance of trade interdependence and geography.
The modern world, however, is far less constrained by these limitations — livestock and crops can be grown around the world, thanks to irrigation, people are able to travel to any number of nations, and global trade is indispensably intertwined.
This largely removes these limitations. So although Acemoglu and Robinson have attempted to explain the historical reasons nations have failed in the past, they have paradoxically provided both a predictive paper on why nations will fail in the future and a blueprint for prosperity for contemporary policy practitioners who are conversant with development theory. In a sentence, it is those countries that establish inclusive political and economic institutions that will succeed.
View the discussion thread. Books for self-isolation: Revisiting Why Nations Fail. Scott Robinson. Related Content. In Yemen, a deadly concoction of arms sales, conflict and Covid Show 2 Comments View the discussion thread. Previous Article The uncertain fate of. Next Article Iran: Sanctions vs sympathy. You may also be interested in. This means one religion for the whole country, with the population unified religiously, and the king, of course, in a position to control that religion.
Absolute monarchs in the 17th century begin to build the structure of a powerful, military, bureaucratic, modern state. Learn more about the complexities of overthrowing a monarchy and constructing a democracy.
His first significant action toward establishing royal power was issuing the Edict of Nantes in It gave religious toleration to the Huguenots—the Calvinists in France—with the hope to end religious disputes, to bring religious peace to the country, and to end the quarreling over religion.
Henry no doubt hoped that the Edict of Nantes would essentially remove religion from the governmental sphere. That hope was not completely borne out right away, but he made an effort with the Edict to remove religious disputes out of the realm of government as much as was possible. To further build up the power of his monarchy, one of the first things Henry did was to restore order in the wake of the religious wars.
There were still, out in the countryside, a few factions of rebellious nobles, loyal to the Holy League: the alliance between the Guise and Philip II of Spain. Henry took to the battlefield and defeated those noble factions one by one, and in doing so, reduced the opposition to his monarchy. He then took steps to reduce the influence of nobles in his government. Henry tried to replace nobles in the royal council with middle-class advisers, middle-class ministers, middle-class bureaucrats.
Some nobles, however, remained on the royal council; his efforts created a new administrative class, based in the middle class, that was now the governmental class. Learn more about the two plays named after Henry IV. One of the important efforts that he does to raise money is he uses the sale of the government office.
Many royal government offices are up for sale to the highest bidder. This has a couple of obvious benefits: Firstly, it raises revenue and becomes a main source of royal revenue, and it creates and staffs a bureaucracy, but it has problems. One of these problems is inflation of office. The more you sell, the less each one is worth. Another disadvantage to the sale of office is that the offices become the personal property of the person who buys them, and that person can then do with the office whatever he wants.
The sale of office has existed since Philip Augustus in the 13th century and it had been a continuous problem. There had never been a good solution to the difficulties involved. And if you pay the king this Paulette Tax, you can then hand your office down in your family, to your sons, grandsons, etc. That was a pretty good incentive to get officeholders to do at least part of the job they were supposed to be doing.
Every officeholder wanted to hand their office down to their heirs, because, after all, they consider it like any other personal property. This measure established some control on the part of the king over these venal officeholders. Learn more about how the politics of hunger took over in the streets and the crowds stormed the Bastille.
Mercantilism holds that there is a limited amount of wealth in the world. Therefore, each country, each government, has to get as big a share of this wealth as it possibly can, and obviously, it wants to get a bigger share of the wealth than rival nations.
They accomplish this by exporting more goods than they import, and when that happens, it establishes a flow of bullion into the country. Essentially, this favorable trade balance will bring money into the country.
The money will largely go to businesses and industries, increasing the size of the tax base. Then the king can get at that money through taxation, and the money ultimately ends up in the royal government. In , Henry IV was assassinated. Luckily, he had an extremely capable first minister by the name of Cardinal Richelieu, who took several giant steps on the way to absolutism. He was a minister of the king, but he became one of the greatest builders of French absolutism.
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