Where is essential stabilization

Following that misstep, the military-led stabilization effort fell victim to what might be called gigantism — the belief that more money produces better outcomes.

Special Inspectors General in both Iraq and Afghanistan amply documented what can go wrong when overblown expectations are fueled by unbridled spending. Then the pendulum swung back the other way, and the Department of Defense DoD shrank from virtually any role in post-conflict stabilization. In Iraq the U. Apparently in hopes of pressing Saudi Arabia to fund the effort, President Trump recently suspended funds destined for the Syria program even as Russian-backed Syrian regime forces inch into the eastern territories liberated from ISIS.

As my recent trip to Mosul showed, the actual work is largely done by the Iraqis themselves. The State Department and UN are leading the demining effort, and dozens of Iraqi engineers are repairing the electric grid and water treatment plants. But the ability of U. Iranian-backed forces will surely capitalize on any drawdown in U. We surveyed the lessons of the past 17 years, interviewed many of the longest-tenured practitioners, and reviewed the investigative record.

We concluded that the military is best suited to focus its activities on security-related areas, but also could lend critical help in planning, coordination, information, force protection and logistical support to enable civilian experts in the areas where they need it. The envisioned approach does not require masses of military troops, but niche military capabilities are vital, including civil affairs, construction engineers, and security force advisers. It is among the objects of the present invention to provide improved stabilized essential oils, or compositions containing the same subject to oxidative deterioration.

Still further objects and advantages will appear from the more detailed description set forth below, it being understood, however, that this more detailed description is given by way of illustration and explanation only, and not by way of limitation, since various changes therein may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention.

In accomplishing the above objects, it has been found most satisfactory to incorporate in products subject to deterioration the water soluble extract in concentrated form of the cereals and grains such as corn, barley, oats, hominy, tapioca, rye, rice, wheat, buckwheat, etc. The cereal extract derived from oats and maize preferably in raw unbleached condition, dry milled and in flour or divided form gives the highest yield of stabilizing activity and is far more desirable.

The cereals produce the most acceptable extract because of their low oil content which seems to enhance the production of a substantially oil-free extract as contrasted to the high oil containing materials in which the antioxidants are not as readily susceptible to water extraction.

Although the water soluble extract may be prepared in many different fashions and may be added at many stages to products subject to deterioration, it has been found most satisfactory to prepare such extract by grinding or di- 1 viding the cereal and then submer'ging it in or extracting it with water or an aqueous material which is to be used in the product or processing of the organic material to be stabilized.

Asia general rule, the cereal undissolved portion may be removed by filtration, or the liquid may ;be removed by decanting, centrifuging or similar process, and the time of extraction may vary from a few seconds to a period of several hours or longer. The aqueous solvent may be employed either at room temperature or higher. To 1 pound of cereal, there may be used, for example, 1 gallon of water or more, dependent The preferred moved without substantially decreasing the activity of the extract by vacuum distillation, by drying, at room temperature, or in a reducing atmosphere, etc.

The extracts may not be completely soluble in the essential oil to be stabilized, but this will not decrease their efiiciency as stabilizers. Where desired, the insoluble material may be filtered off preferably following heating in the oil being stabilized to a temperature in excess of F.

This extract, in contradistinction to the crude vegetable oils, lecithin, etc. When the extract is utilized in organic products containing essential oils that are normally processed at high.

The essential oils or products containing the same may be treated with the concentrated water soluble extract of the cereals to markedly improve their stability, and the stabilizing effect is particularly observed when the extract is heated in the oil to temperatures in excess of F.

Although the concentrated water soluble extract is preferred for use with the organic materials containing essential oils described herein,. Essential oils particularly are subject to rapid deterioration when in emulsified form and the use of the water soluble extract in the disperse water phase will materially retard such deteriora-. The concentrated extract obtained contains a certain amount of carbohydrate material as a result of which charring is produced when the extract is heated in the presence of the oxidizable material.

Regardless of the charring, however, the extract, as indicated in the examples, becomes increasingly effective at temperatures in excess of about Rand particularly at F.

Moreover, the extracts described, whether evaporated to dryness or not, are frequently more effective than the unextracted cereals from which upon the degree of concentration desired. Fol- :2 they were removed, and after being in contact lowing a thorough mixture, the watgrlnay berg with the oxidizable materials for long periods,. Another distinct advantage in this treatment is that the presence of bulky fibrous or starchy materials is avoided when the extract is employed;.

The extracts of the present invention, therefore, differ remarkably from other oil soluble antioxidant materials, such as, for example, lecithin, crude vegetable oils, etc. It has also been observed that the relative rate of activation under conditions of heat treatment is far greater when the extract is utilized than when the proportionate amount of the unextracted cereal is utilized. For example, when flour is activated under conditions of heat in an oxidizable oil, its potency will be increased to only a small portion of the increase observed when the extract of that cereal used in proportionate amounts is similarly heated.

The extracts described may be applied, particularly when heat activated, to the essential Oils themselves and also to the pharmaceutical or food preparations, creams, and other products containing the same.

Although the unconcentrated extract may be utilized, it is preferable for'purposes of this invention to use the concentrated or dry extracts after removal of the aqueous solvent.

Where water is normally used in the processing of organic materials, there may be employed either the concentrated extract or the unconcentratcd extract in a dilute form. There may also be employed, less desirably than the cereals, the substantially oil free seeds for purposes of extraction.

Following expression or extraction of a substantial portion of the oil, the residue may be extracted and the extract so obtained may be employed as an antioxidant in the essential oils, and products containing the same, and particularly activated under conditions of heat. However, in accordance with the present invention it is preferred to use the water extract of such materials. Among other less preferred materials are the substantially. For example, such seeds as cottonseed or soya may be employed particularly after the expression or extraction of the glyceride oils Care must be exercised to remove all possible water insoluble materials when preparing, for example, the Water soluble extract.

Any milky suspension obtained during careless or incomplete water extraction will conoils. It is desirable to have the extract substantially free of water insoluble materials such as would be present in a milky suspension and which water insoluble materials would prove detrimental to the preparation of the extract.

The extracts of the seeds difier from the extracts of the cereals in that the seed extracts are considerably higher in carbohydrate content, will char and will discolor oils particularly under conditions of heat more readily than the extracts of the cereals.

In addition to using water as the extracting medium, alcohols may be also employed, although they are less desirable. Among the alcohols that may be used are ethyl and less preferably methyl, butyl, propyl, and accepted denatured types of alcohols.